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German Caucasus Expedition
The German Caucasus Expedition was a military expedition sent by the German Empire to the formerly Russian Transcaucasia during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I. Its prime aim was to secure oil supplies for Germany and to stabilize a nascent pro-German Democratic Republic of Georgia.
== Background ==
On December 5, 1917, the Armistice of Erzincan signed between the Russians and Ottomans that ended the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.〔Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan 1905-1920, page 119〕 On March 3, 1918, the Armistice of Erzincan was followed by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk marking Russia's exit from World War I. Between March 14 - April 1918 the Trabzon peace conference was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet (Transcaucasian Sejm). Enver Pasha offered to surrender all Turkish ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations.〔Ezel Kural Shaw History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Page 326〕 The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk provided some relief to Bolsheviks who were tied up in fighting the civil war. However, the oil fields of Baku were not under control of the Russians and Germany had a high demand for oil.
On April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for further negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept this position.〔Richard Hovannisian "The Armenian people from ancient to modern times" Pages 292-293〕 The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. The Armenians pressured the Republic to refuse. They acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire.〔 Hostilities resumed and Ottoman troops overran new lands to the east, reaching pre-war the frontiers.
On May 11, a new peace conference opened at Batum.〔 At this conference the Ottomans extended their demands to include Tiflis as well as Alexandropol and Echmiadzin; they also wanted a railroad to be built to connect Kars and Julfa with Baku. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic’s delegation began to stall. Beginning on May 21, the Ottoman army moved ahead once again. The ensuing conflict led to the Battle of Sardarapat (May 21–29), the Battle of Kara Killisse (1918) (May 24–28), and the Battle of Bash Abaran (May 21–24). On May 28, 1918, Georgia, signed the Treaty of Poti with Germany, and welcomed the prospect of a German expedition, seeing in the Germans protectors against the post-Russian Revolution havoc and the Ottoman military advances.〔Lang, David Marshall (1962). ''A Modern History of Georgia'', p. 207-8. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.〕
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